The American Health Care System Do Women s Health...

The American Health Care System: Do Women’s Health Issues Matter? It is hard to believe that in a first world country women are more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than men because clinical researchers tend to conduct more health studies on men and then release the research to the public claiming that the studies apply to both genders. Sadly, the problem of women not being equally represented as men in clinical studies is a reality in the United States of America and puts women at risk for their health; however the problem can be fixed by creating awareness, incorporating more females in health research, and creating a better, dedicated Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Each of the three solutions is necessary as they would†¦show more content†¦Not only do researchers put women in danger, but so does the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has approved many medications that clinical research has said to be effective and then have been known to cause harm to women. What the analysts and the FDA have been allowing is absolutely unacceptable and the easiest way to help remediate the problem would be to create more awareness to females. One of the problems for women who have heart attacks is that it is believed that women usually ignore the fact that they are having a heart attack which delays them to seek care. A complication bigger than that is that women do not really ignore the fact they are having a heart attack, they just do not realize they are having one. Although they may think it, women are not at fault for not seeking care right away when their body goes awry, the health care system is. Women in America are not aware that there is a gender-bias in health research and they do not know that the research that is published does not apply to them. Luckily, there are already people who are alert about the problem and try their hardest to garner women’s attention to inform them. Over the past couple of years organizations have dedicated there time and money to bring awareness to misinformed women that there are major flaws in the health careShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1462 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesa new reform in our medical system called the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Its goal is to reform the health care system, by providing Americans with a more affordable health insurance policy. It also tries to compress the growth of healthcare spending in the United States. The ACA offers Americans better health coverage because of the widespread reforms that are included. These reforms will expand our healthcare coverage, hold insurance companies liable, lower health care costs, guarantee more choiceRead MoreThe United States Health Care System1190 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care in the United States has evolved throughout the years. This evolution has lead to groundbreaking findings and understand, benefiting to not only America, but other countries. However, along with all of the great achievements, there comes some consequences, social issues. The United States health care system comes with social issues that includes inequality, cost, and health insurance. Major social inequalities that have a major effect on how a person is treated are their social classRead MoreA Good Overseer For Our Country America Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe greatest leader is not necessarily the one who does the greatest things. He is the one that gets the people to do the greatest things.(Daskal) Past president Ronald Regan said it best, describing what it takes to be a genuine overseer for our country America. The definition of a president is defined as a person who is appointed to lead over an organized group of people. The opinionated definition, however, produces a wide variety of meanings. To one citizen it can denote desiring a leader whoRead MoreObesity : The Struggle That Americans Face Today1070 Words   |  5 PagesVictor Herrera Whitney Nelson English 2010-045 31 October 2014 Why Are Americans Bigger? I write this proposal on obesity as it relates to the struggle that Americans face today. As a young child growing up, I had a struggle with being bigger. I was on the verge of becoming obese in the ninth grade. Weighing in at 260 lbs, with common health issue that I may be diagnosed with, I knew I must range my life for the better. Obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure runs in my family, so it is not aRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Effects On Obama Health Care System1687 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Health Care System: An Analysis of Negative Effects on Obama Health Care Reformation America is an inclusive country at least about healthcare expenditure. The Americans spend much more than other rich country around the world, but they do not achieve more for it. They receive about the same health consequences but do not take care of everybody like other rich countries cover and healthcare system expense in the United States (U.S.) is extremely high. Even though much higher spending, theRead MoreAmerican Military And Health Care1563 Words   |  7 Pages American Military Family and Health Care Serena Thorne Oklahoma Wesleyan University American Military Family and Health Care American military families today are faced with many challenges, more than what they faced 50 years ago. Insurance companies today are looking out for the bottom dollar instead of working for the patient and family. Military families are faced working with many different agencies to help care for their loved one. There are more family members keeping their familyRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pageshave their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that in this time people are abusing the purpose of an abortion and using it as a form of birthcontrol. Some cultural belief systems not only around the world but also here in the United States, believesRead MoreHealth Promotion in Hispanics971 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesHealth Promotion Among Diverse Populations The United States is a melting pot of ethnicity, in which, the healthcare system and its benefits vary widely. Those who are able to obtain primary care insurance via a full time employer, typically have the benefits of full coverage care. However, for many minority groups, full time work alone is hard to acquire, along with the health benefits full time employment provides. Culturally competent care among the diverse populations helps increase health promotionRead MoreA Health Care Emergency Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesIn the recent years, health care has become a gradually uprising issue in America. America’s government health care plans, Medicare and Medicaid, are being criticized as horrible and expensive when compared to health care plans in other countries. Thus, our current president, President Obama, is relentlessly trying to repair the plans to conform to the wishes of the nation in which he leads. First off, Medicare and Medicaid are somewhat similar, but have a few, slight differences. Both MedicaidRead MoreEssay about How the President Can Strengthen the Economy1746 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes the federal economic system, countries and individual citizens in general. The second problem is the issue with health care. Many American citizens are without a sufficient amount of health care. The sad matter is that several other health care systems in other countries are even better than the United States (Newman, 2009). Several of these matters contribute to the problems that the United States is facing and it needs to be addressed and improved before the matters becomes worse. Citizens

Have You Ever Seen A Cruelty Free Symbol In The Shape Of

Have you ever seen a cruelty free symbol in the shape of a rabbit on the back of a shampoo bottle? That means the bottle’s contents were made without it being tested on an animal first. But what if the symbol wasn’t on the bottle? Have you ever thought of what would happen to that bunny you would usually see in a pet store? To answer this question, commonly, animals put through experimentation are put through force feeding, food deprivation, and inflictions of wounds. That bunny probably is not okay right now. Cosmetic companies all over the world endanger the lives of animals to test toxicity and irritation of products. In order to test these characteristics, the products are placed on the skin and eyes of animals. If a rash occurs, or if†¦show more content†¦This gives humans a superiority, which leads them to believe that harming animals does not need consent and is allowed. Therefore, animal testing should be illegal because the harming of helpless animals although they are capable of experiencing pain, is immoral. It also gives an unnecessary feeling of superiority to those inflicting the pain upon them. (Arguments) (Animals) Animal experimentation has proven to be barbaric so far, but did you know it could also be unreliable?  ¨94 percent of drugs that pass animal tests fail in human clinical trials. ¨ (Animal) To accurately test drugs for the safety of the human race, animals would need to be extremely similar to humans, however that is not the case. For example, animals do not get as many diseases as humans do, such as alzheimer s or HIV, drugs like as aspirin could be fatal to animals, and foods, like chocolate or macadamia nuts are poisonous to dogs. Humans, as we all know, experience the opposite. Also,  ¨using rodents such as rats, to test the safeness of a drug is only error-free 43 percent of the time.  ¨(Arguments) In a laboratory there can be multiple variables causing the drug tested to be unreliable. For exampl e, if the animal is stressed, it can influence the results of the test.  ¨Stressed rats, for example, develop chronic inflammatory conditions and intestinal leakage, which add variables that can confound data. ¨(Akhtar) Therefore, using animals to test if drug is safe forShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved1200 Words   |  5 Pages The novel depicts how cruelty leads ex-slaves to make irrational decisions and shape the people they are at the end . The cruelty inflicted on one including but not limited to slavery causes a chain reaction of hatred, pain and suffering and the cycle continues to repeat itself as seen in the novel with Schoolteacher, Sethe and Paul D. Furthermore, Morrison associates symbols with specific characters to depict personal struggles and develop the overarching theme, cruelty. Schoolteacher’s acceptanceRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved1200 Words   |  5 Pages The novel depicts how cruelty leads ex-slaves to make irrati onal decisions and shape the people they are at the end . The cruelty inflicted on one including but not limited to slavery causes a chain reaction of hatred, pain and suffering and the cycle continues to repeat itself as seen in the novel with Schoolteacher, Sethe and Paul D. Furthermore, Morrison associates symbols with specific characters to depict personal struggles and develop the overarching theme, cruelty. Schoolteacher’s acceptanceRead MoreHester As A Heroine, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1513 Words   |  7 Pages1) Prompt: Hester has been called the American heroine, Do you agree that Hester is a Heroine? How does Hawthorne portray the role of woman in society? What is Hawthorne’s message? Passages: 1. On the breast of her own gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread. (pg.37) ~ Hawthorne to reader 2. Hester Prynne, with a mind of a native courage and activity, and for so long a a period not merely estranged, but outlawed, fromRead MorePromethean Motif3025 Words   |  13 Pagesto the Caucaus† illustrate this. The great Romantic Poets offered their interpretations of the myth in Byron’s â€Å"Prometheus† and Shelley’s sequel â€Å"Prometheus Unbound†. Milton used the Promethean myth to shape his characterisation of Satan in Paradise Lost; indeed The Book of Genesis can be seen as an example of the complete Promethean myth: Adam’s temptation with forbidden knowledge and subsequent fall from grace completely encapsulates the Prometheus myth. In this case it is an example of a GreekRead MoreEssay about Sculptures in James Baldwins If Beale Street Could Talk1951 Words   |  8 Pagesan American Slave, Written by Himself, Douglass describes his overseer as â€Å"a man of the most inflexible firmness and stone-like coolness† (Andrews 181). He adds that his mistress’s â€Å"tender heart became stone† (Andrews 188). When he first tries to free himself from such people, Douglass ends up â€Å"all alone, within the walls of a stone prisonà ¢â‚¬  (Andrews 208). Throughout these references, the image of stone is repeatedly linked with the stonehearted and dramatic Caucasian oppression of African-AmericansRead MoreThe Sex Of Men Get Up !1959 Words   |  8 PagesThen today, we re gonna teach you about great American sex. Get up! said ________. I stood up in the same painful position as I had every day for about 70 days. I would rather follow the orders and reduce the pain that would be caused when the guards come to play; the guards used every contact opportunity to beat the hell out of the detainee. As soon as I stood up, the two _______ took off their blouses, and started to talk all kind of dirty stuff you can imagine, which I minded less. What hurtRead MoreThe Evil of Slavery2387 Words   |  10 Pagessentences. In† Uncle Tom’s Cabin†, the conflicts between the evil slavery and love of Christianity happened all the time. Characters like Tom and Eva represented the nobility of Christian; in cont rast, Legree was the embodiment of slavery which did not have any passion to slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe mentioned mainly about how immoral slavery was, but she also asserted that only the power of love could save United States out of institution of evil slavery. Further more, Stowe emphasized the power ofRead More African American Culture through Oral Tradition Essays3405 Words   |  14 PagesAfrican American folktales have origins rooted in West African literary and cultural forms of expression. When Africans were taken from their homeland and brought to America as slaves, they also brought with them their individual cultures, languages and customs. However, their white slaveholders suppressed this part of their heritage in them. Thus they had to find other ways of expression, mainly story telling and songs. It is incredible to see how African slaves could ever smile and laugh under theRead MoreCulture Awareness Of Christopher Columbus3533 Words   |  15 Pagescolonies, resu lting in a rapid increase in success. However, the newly and free republic was deeply affected, since the earlier decades during the early period. One of the first heroes of this land and most useful leaders was Jose Paez. Paez was the man who works and sacrifices the most to earn the country final liberty. Jose Paez won the presidential elections in 1831 and remains the real power in the country. He is seen as acting in the traditional interest, though his policies are far from usualRead MoreEvil a Learned Behavior6329 Words   |  26 Pageshearts makes us all make terrible mistakes and commit evil. The writings of Confucius say, â€Å"There is no light without darkness, no positive without negative, no good without evil.† Throughout the history of humanity, humans have committed inconceivable and unthinkable acts of cruelty towards one another. From the brutal wars during the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans, to the modern area of ethnic cleansing and genocide one cannot help but wonder what is the root cause of this evil. Unthinkable

Basic Kitchen Organization Free Essays

Basic Kitchen Organization Food Processing Kitchen (Commissary Kitchen) -In large operations, it is a kitchen for the processing of all vegetables, salads and fruits -Purpose: to wash peel and sanitize and cut all raw products, increase hygienic and sanitary standards of a kitchen, reduce waste Cold/Pantry Kitchen (Garde Manger) -Produces all cold food items – salads, dressings, cold platters, terrines, pates, sushi/sashimi, cheese, fruits,etc. -If there is no in-house butchery, also responsible for processing and portioning all meat, fish and seafood items Butchery In charge of processing and portioning all meat, fish, and seafood -In large operations, it will also produce processed meats and seafood items such as sausages, smoked ham, cooked ham, smoked fish and seafood, etc. Main Kitchen -In charge of producing hot dishes for the various outlets, hot basic sauces for all operations -If there is no banquet kitchen, it will also produce the hot food for banquet and catering f unctions -May also provide the staff food in certain operations Banquet Kitchen -Generally, is a finishing kitchen – a satellite kitchen for garnishing, final sauces and service -Large operations may have this as a full kitchen Restaurant Kitchen -Generally, finishing kitchens, except specialty kitchens such as Western Fine Dining, Japanese, Chinese, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Kitchen Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Coffee Shop Classified here. Room Service Kitchen -Room service food is generally provided by individual restaurant kitchens -Larger operations have a separate room service kitchen -Offer a la carte items from all their restaurants Staff Canteen -Large operations generally have a small staff canteen -Partly supported by the main kitchen, cold kitchen, and butchery. Pastry and bakery provide desserts and breads. Pastry Kitchen -In charge of producing all types of cold, warm and frozen desserts (pralines, cookies, sugar work, marzipan work, etc. ) Bakery -In charge of all baking requirements such as breads, crusts and doughs. Kitchen Organization Chart Kitchen Brigade Corporate Chef -Highest position for a chef in a hotel chain or chain of restaurants. -Responsible for overseeing standards in all hotels/restaurants in that chain -Creates new food concept ideas for all hotels or certain regions -Oversees new hotels and renovations Executive Chef (Chef de Cuisine) Administrative and operational responsibility for all daily kitchen operations on one hotel -Ensures that all supply requirements for all operations are in place -Develops and implements new menus, promotions and festivals -Evaluates based on recommendations, promotes or dismisses staff -Directly interacts with banquet and sales and marketing to produce special menus for functions or groups staying in the hotel -Updates the food and b everage director -Responsible for the monthly food cost of his/her department Executive Sous Chef (Working Chef) -Immediate assistant of the EC -Directly supervises all operational activities In charge of certain administrative work such as duty rosters, evaluation of his/her immediate subordinates, coordination for function set ups, or special promotional setups. Sous Chef -Commonly in charge of an outlet kitchen or section -Run directly the day-to-day of outlet operations -Directly coordinate with the Executive Sous-Chef -Responsible for supplies, proper staffing, and food quality -Appraise and interview new staff and recommend promotions and dismissal of staff. Section Chef – Chef de Partie -Sauce Cook – Saucier oPrepares all meat, game, poultry, fish and warm appetizers w/ hot/warm sauces -Broiler Cook – Rotisseur All grilled dishes, roasts, and dishes that are oven roasted or deep-fat fried -A la Carte Cook – Restaurteur oPrepares al a carte dishes - Fish Cook – Poissonier oRelieves the sauce cook from the preparation of fish and seafood dishes -Vegetable Cook – Entremetier oPreparation of soups, vegetables, potatoes, pasta, warm cheese and egg dishes -Pantry Cook – Garde Manger oSupervises all cold food preparations: Salads, cold appetizer, dressings cold sauces, buffet platters and decorations. oIf there is no butchery, bones and portions all meat, game, poultry, and fish oResponsible for monitoring all chillers and freezers Butcher – Boucher de Cuisine oHandles meat, fish and seafood, if they are professionally trained butchers, also prepare processed meats -Swing Chef – Chef Tournant oReliever for the Chefs de Partie and generally an experienced chef -Duty Cook – Chef de Garde oFor restaurants with a split shift – stays on duty during the lean afternoon hours or late evening hours -Dietitian – Dietetcien oAdvisory position – prepares special diet menus and calcul ates nutritional values for guests with special needs -Demi-Chef oPosition between rank and file and supervisor Stronger cook than a commis, but not experienced enough to be a chef de partie oTakes on supervisory functions of chef de partie in their absence -Staff Cook – Cuisinier pour le personnel oPrepares the meals for the staff if there is a staff kitchen Pastry, Confisserie and Bakery -Pastry Chef – Patissier oPrepares cold, warm and frozen sweet dishes as well as baked items if there is no bakeshop in the operation oSupervises all necessary ingredient requisitions, evaluation, hiring and dismissal of the staff oReports directly to the executive chef, coordinates with the executive-sous chef -Confisseur Prepares all specialties with chocolate and special cookies (petit-fours) oSpecialist in sugar and marzipan work -Chief Baker – Boulanger oResponsible for all bread and dough preparation required by the pastry and kitchen Cooking Methods and Techniques 14 Co oking Methods MethodWhere it’s doneTemperature BlanchingStove Deep-Fat FryerWater: 100Â °C Oil: 130Â °C-150Â °C PoachingStove/OvenStove: 65Â °C-80Â °C Oven: 165Â °C Boiling or SimmeringStoveBoiling: 100Â °C Simmering: 95Â °C – 98Â °C SteamingStove/Steamer100Â °C – 120Â °C Deep Fat FryingDeep Fat Fryer170Â °C – 180Â °C Sauteing or Pan-FryingStove165Â °C – 200Â °C GrillingGrill240Â °C – 190Â °C Gratinate or Au GratinOven/Salamander240Â °C – 280Â °C BakingOven130Â °C – 260Â °C RoastingOven200Â °C – 220Â °C Finishing: 180Â °C Butter RoastingOvenStart: 140Â °C Finish: 160Â °C Braising/GlazingOven Meat Oven Vegetables Start: 200Â °C Cook: 160Â °C – 180Â °C Start: 140Â °C Finish: 160Â °C Glazing VegetablesStoveCook: 95Â °C – 98Â °C StewingStove95Â °C – 98Â °C Blanching -Cooking method used to pre-cook, cook or sanitize an ingredient for another cooking method or for preservation oAlternative method for blanching in hot water is steaming Method – can either be starting with cold or hot water or in oil -Why do we blanch: oTo clean and sanitize oTo destroy enzymes oTo prevent ingredients from sticking oTo improve the color of ingredients oTo pre-cook ingredients for another method oTo pre-cook an ingredient for preserving P oaching -For cooking tender ingredients which are high in protein at a low temperature (65Â °C – 80Â °C) -Where do we poach: oOn the stove, in liquid oOn the stove, in a water bath oIn the oven, in a water bath oIn a low/high pressure steamer in -How do we poach: oPoach, Floating in liquid oPoach in shallow Liquid Poach in a water bath with stirring oPoach in a water bath without stirring -To prevent tender meat parts, fish, egg and recipes containing egg from being over cooked and broken apart Boiling or Simmering -Boiling or simmering starting with cold water with a lid oFor Dried Vegetables, Potatoes and legumes oFor vegetable side dishes and soups (food items which are not delicate and do not change shape) oSo food can further absorb water and tenderize faster -Boiling and simmering without a lid oFor vegetables and starch based recipes, 98Â °C – 100Â °C oVegetable side dishes, rice dishes, pasta dishes and eggs To achieve rapid boiling point so that ingredient s cook faster without excessive loss of nutrients and flavors -Simmering oFor stocks and soups, 95Â °C – 98Â °C oSimmer with out a lid to monitor liquids oStocks and clear soups become cloudy when boiled -Simmering starting with hot water with a lid oFor Meat, poultry, variety meats, fowl oStews, tongue, boiled beef, oThese ingredients don’t need to be monitored as they are stewed and contain sauce oSimmer with a lid to prevent excessive evaporation Steaming -For items that you usually poach, you can also steam Reduced cooking time with heat above 100Â °C retains flavor, color and nutrients better -Food stays drier and can immediately be used for further processing -Preserves ingredient shape very well as there is no agitation -Different kinds of ingredients can be cooked at the same time without absorbing each others flavor -Disadvantage: there is no liquid to prepare the sauce from Deep-Fat Frying -Meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, potato, fruits, mushrooms, pastri es -Done in plant fat (shortening) at 170Â °C – 180Â °C -Basic rules in deep fat frying: oUse only heat-resistant and non-foamy oils Ensure proper temperature at 170Â °C – 180Â °C and never heat oil above 200Â °C oIf not in use, turn fryer temperature down to 90Â °C oNever season with salt or any other seasoning above the deep fat fryer oNever fry fish and pastry items in the same oil than other products oNever cover the deep fat fryer when in use oNever cover deep fat-fried foods as they become soggy oEveryday, filter fryer oil and clean deep fat fryer to remove frying particles which have settled on the bottom of the fryer oNever use oil that foams and causes eye and lung irritation smoke at 180Â °C Sauteing (Pan Frying) in a Stainless steel pan Use a stainless steel pan to produce pan drippings oSo you can deglaze the pan drippings oAdd flavor and color to the sauce Sauteing (Pan Frying) in a Non-Stick pan -Sauteing meat, vegetables, potatoes, mushrooms, eggs , etc. -Use a non-stick pan when sauteing ingredient that do not need a sauce to be made after. -Can also be done on a flat-top griddle, but like the non-stick pan, you cannot produce any sauce after Grilling and Broiling -For portioned and generally marinated meat, fish, seafood, poultry, vegetables, potato and mushrooms. Ingredients may be wrapped in aluminum oil -Healthy cooking method – fat-free – but it is important not to burn ingredients because this can produce carcinogens Gratinating or Au Gratin -Method used for finishing, food is already generally cooked. -Food is always covered with ingredients that brown well (ex. egg cream, cheese, batters, sauces, etc. ) -After applying the coating or crust, ingredients are browned under the salamander or in the oven under high upper heat -Eggs, soups, sauces, cheese, fish, seafood, poultry, meat, pasta, vegetables, potatoes and desserts are commonly gratinated -Browning is done for flavor and presentation Baking -Mainly used in the hot kitchen to bake meat in a dough, crust or w/ savory souffles and savory starts -Mainly used in the pastry and bakery in the production Roasting in the oven -Done with tender and large pieces of meat which are only cut after cooking -Potatoes may also be roasted -Tender meat parts are roasted as the proteins are soft and do not require liquid to tenderize hem -Important that there is enough fat, to prevent drying out Braising in the oven -Food is cooked in a small amount of liquid in the oven or in a pressure cooker -Used for meat and fowl with high connective tissue Generally ingredients are braised whole and cut before serving -Slow cooking method where food is gently cooked in the oven over a long period of time where the product is tenderized Glazing of vegetables -Commonly for root, knob and fruit vegetables, also chest nuts and water chestnuts Glazing of White Meat -For white meat and poultry with low connective tissue -When glazing white meats, th e product will have a shiny brown crust and moist, tender meats due to the slow cooking process Stewing meat on the stove -Used for pre-cut meat or poultry with high connective tissue -Generally stewed with a large amount of liquid -Usually national recipes of countries, with many variations -Onions usually an ingredient, it is important to properly glaze them so they release the juices which become syrupy and eventually turn brownish Stewing of fruits and vegetables -Usually vegetables from the fruit vegetable family -Generally used to make compotes, fruit puree or fruit sauce How to cite Basic Kitchen Organization, Papers

Rp Rizal free essay sample

Towards Community in a Doomed World: Rediscovering Rizal’s Prophetic Vision in the Age of Peak Oil and Global Warming 1 By Floro Quibuyen Because my talk addresses the future, I wish to dedicate it to my 10-year old daughter Ligaya and her generation. They will be inheriting the mess that their elders have created. On their shoulders rests the impossible job of atoning for the sins of their fathers and mothers. Perhaps the best tribute to Rizal has been said by Apolinario Mabini. In his lonely exile, compelled to live in Guam for refusing to submit to the conquering Americans, a militant nationalist to the core, Mabini pondered on the failure of the Revolution and remembered Rizal: In contrast to Burgos who wept because he died guiltless, Rizal went to the execution ground calm and even cheerful, to show that he was happy to sacrifice his life, which he had dedicated to the good of all Filipinos, confident that in love and gratitude they would always remember him and follow his example and teaching. In truth the merit of Rizal’s sacrifice consists precisely in that it was voluntary and conscious. †¦ From the day Rizal understood the misfortunes of his native land and decided to work to redress them, his vivid imagination never ceased to picture to him at every moment of his life the terrors of the death that awaited him; thus he learned not to fear it, and had no fear when it came to take him away; the life of Rizal, from the time he dedicated it to the service of his native land, was therefore a continuing death, bravely endured until the end for love of his countrymen.God grant that they will know how to render to him the only tribute worthy of his memory: the imitation of his virtues (Mabini, The Philippine Revolution, trans by Leon Ma. Guerrero 1969, 45; emphasis mine). Indeed we have a lot to learn from Rizal’s example, and on this bright Sunday morning I wish to share with you some relatively unexplored facets in Rizal’s life that I think can help us navigate our way through our present predicament, both globally and Updated from author’s Annual Rizal Day Lecture on 30 December 2007, 8am, at Fort Santiago, Intramuros Manila.Sponsored by the National Historical Institute. 1 1 locally. These are: 1) his 1890 essay, Filipinas dentro de cien anos, 2) his concept of the nation, 3) his Dapitan years, and 4) his hitherto unnoticed minor study on Oceania. I will try to relate all four to the impending global catastrophes that the Philippines and the world will be facing in the next 30 years—global warming and peak oil. The media has finally taken notice of global warming, although scientists have been sounding the alarm for decades. But peak oil is hardly mentioned in the media.I recently asked a highly educated and most articulate young congressman if peak oil is being discussed at all in congress and his reply was, What is peak oil? It is the codename for the inevitable decline of petroleum upon reaching peak production and it forebodes the end of industrial civilization. We are facing that crisis within 30 years. 90% of us will still be around when that happens. And definitely for our children and their children, our grandchildren, that is the world that they will inherit. One virtue of Rizal that’s most cogent for our time is his courage to see behind the veils of comfortable illusions and confront the future.This he demonstrated in his groundbreaking essay Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos, arguably the most important essay of the Solidaridad. Indeed, it stands alone in Filipino nationalist literature. I know of no other work by a Filipino scholar that envisions the Philippines in one hundred years. If you have not read anything on Rizal, and you have time for only one essay, I urge you to read Filipinas dentro de cien anos. This essay antedates an emerging academic discipline that we now call Futuristics or Futures Studies that is being offered for the first time in my school, the Asian Center at University of the Philippines in Diliman. On the strength 2 of his essay, Rizal ought to be called the father of Philippine futuristics. On the basis of a careful analysis of the historical forces—both local and global— impinging on the Philippines towards the 1890s and through a series of logical steps or arguments involving disjunctive syllogisms, Rizal comes up with the most likely scenario for the Philippines within one hundred years. I’ll summarize his lengthy essay by focusing on his three basic arguments or theses.His first point recapitulates his Morga thesis (the argument in his annotations to Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las isles Filipinas): Soon after being incorporated in the crown of Spain, [Filipinas] had to support with her blood and the vigor of her sons the wars and imperialistic ambitions of the Spanish nation. In these struggles, in these terrible crisis of peoples when they change government, laws, usages, customs, religion, and beliefs, the Philippines was depopulated, impoverished, and retarded, astounded by her metamorphosis, with no more confidence in her past, still without faith in her future. . . Then began a new era for the Filipinos; little by little they lost their old traditions, the mementos of their past; they gave up their writing, their songs, their poems, their laws in order to learn by rote other doctrines which they did not understand, another morality, another aesthetics different from those inspired by their climate and their manner of thinking.Then they declined, degrading themselves in their own eyes; they became ashamed of what was their own; they began to admire and praise whatever was foreign and incomprehensible; their spirit was dismayed and it surrendered (Political and Historical Writings of Jose Rizal National Historical Institute, 130-31). Then Rizal strikes a hopeful note and brings up his second point. Surveying the present trend, Rizal declares: Futures Studies or Futuristics was first instituted in 1975 as the M.S Program in Studies of the Future at the University of Houston-Clear Lake, and in 1976 as the M. A Program in Public Policy in Alternat ive Futures at the Political Science Department of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. One of the founding fathers of Futures Studies is Johann Galtung. Having been exposed to this discipline as a Political Science doctoral student of the U. H, I proposed the course to the Asian Center.It was approved by the university council of U. P in the first semester of school year 2007-08. 2 3 Today there is a factor which did not exist before. The national spirit has awakened, and a common misfortune and a common abasement have united all the inhabitants of the Islands. It counts on a large enlightened class within and without the Archipelago, a class created and augmented more and more thanks to the official provocations and the system of persecution.